


HW 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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RELIGION AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF EDUCATION. 



3^ 

^f 8 AN ADDRESS 



TO HIS CONGREGATION, 

ON BEHALF OF 

"THE NATIONAL SOCIETY 

FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE POOR 

IN THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH, 
THROUGHOUT ENGLAND AND WALES," 

Jan. 21st, 1838. 



BY THE Rev. JAMES DEAN. A.M. 



" It is the Spirit that quickeneth ; the flesh profiteth nothing : the words 
that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life." John vi. 63. 



PRINTED EXPRESSLY IN AID OF THE NATIONAL SCHOOL 

IN DERBY, 

AND SOLD AT THE BAZAAR, MARCH 8th AND Oth, 1838. 



U £4 to 




HENRY MOZLEY AND SONS, PRINTERS, DERBY. 



ADDRESS. 



Men and Brethren, 

Being a zealous, and, where truth and 
principle are concerned, an uncompromising mem- 
ber of the Church of England, and standing, as I 
do here, in a pulpit of that holy and venerable es- 
tablishment, I feel it my bounden duty, on this 
occasion, not to go about to prove, but to affirm my 
honest and conscientious conviction, that it is the 
paramount business of every legislature to provide 
for the religious instruction of its people ; and that 
it is more especially incumbent upon a Christian 
and protestant government to take care, that the 
great truths — the doctrines and precepts of our 
holy religion, as handed down to us in the scrip- 
tures, and in the preaching and practice of primitive 
antiquity, and holy men of old---shall be made the 
basis of the education of the infant and youthful 



mind, and as well of the religious instruction of 
the adult population, in the solemn assemblies for 
the worship of Almighty God, on the Lord's day. 

In all countries, ancient or modern, the religion 
of the state has been the basis of instruction for the 
citizens of the state. — Where Popery is established, 
the children are educated with zealous care in its 
doctrine : where Lutheranism, they are educated 
as Lutherans : where Calvinism, as Calvinists. 
Even in ancient Greece and Rome the same 
diligence was exercised. Indeed at Athens, after 
such instruction, before the youths could be 
admitted to the privileges of a citizen, they were 
required to take an oath,* somewhat similar to the 
requirements of our former test and corporation 
acts, that they would be faithful to the sacred, as 
well as to the civil and military institutions of the 
country. Common sense tells us, that nothing 
contributes so much to the permanency of an estab- 
lishment, as education for that establishment. It 
is a wise rule, " train up the child in the way he 
should go ;" but it is impossible so to train him, 
either in a civil, political, or religious point of view, 
without instruction in the national religion. Shall 
we then — shall Englishmen, as the light shines 
more and more upon them unto the perfect day — 
shall we, who profess to hold the purest form of 
faith and worship on earth, be the first, in our 
plans for the general education of the country, to 

* iepa ra Ttarpia. Ti/Artcrw. Stob&us. I will revere the national religion. 



abandon the belief of our forefathers, and to bring- 
up our sons and our daughters in any other fear 
and nurture but that of God ? Shall we be the first 
of the civilized nations of the world, to discard the 
universally established principle of educating our 
people in the religion of the state ? Shall we main- 
tain a religious establishment, and yet not support 
it by bringing up the children of the state in the 
knowledge and practice of that establishment ? 
How long, think you, should we on this system 
continue to profess to have, and yet practically re- 
ject, an establishment ? Certainly not long — we 
should soon discard even the empty pretence of main- 
taining it. Can we suppose, then, that many of 
those, who advocate the cause of education without 
religion, have any other intention than to subvert 
the establishment, and with it eventually to destroy 
religion altogether ?* Can we for a moment imagine, 
that Infidels, Socinians, and Papists, who are now 
admitted into our legislature, will legislate for the 
good of our protestant faith and establishment ? 
We must rather believe, that, if sincere in attach- 
ment to their own belief, they will endeavour to 
enact laws for their subversion : to suppose that they 
have any other object in view would be to disre- 
gard the evidences of all previous experience, as 
well as the direct and open declarations of the 
enemies of our Zion. 



* Like causes produce like effects. In France the religion of the state 
was subverted, and the goddess of Reason was set up for the homage of 
the people. 



Reverting, then, to my original statement, I 
assert, that it is the duty of the state to provide for 
the maintenance, respect, and continuance of the 
religion of the state ; and I therefore propose to 
address you from the word of God, as found in 
Prov. xxii. 6. 



Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is 
old, he will not depart from it. 



Brethren, 

By the mercy and good providence of 
God, the inhabitants of her majesty's domestic do- 
minions have enjoyed the blessings of peace for a 
period of time almost unparalelled : consequently 
the excess of our population, instead of being 
drained off to supply the cruel waste of war, has 
had opportunity, and has found, in the demand for 
its productions from almost all nations of the earth, 
occasion for the exercise of all its invention, skill, 
and perseverance. The arts of peace, and the pro- 
ductiveness of our science and industry, in minister- 
ing to the wants, and comforts, and luxuries of 
mankind, have been attended by a proportionate 
degree of our national wealth and prosperity. The 
necessaries, conveniences, and comforts of life, being 
thus placed more readily within the hope and reach 
of all, the natural and obvious result has been, a 
vast increase in the numbers of the people : in the 
manufacturing districts, more especially, the aug- 



mentation has been, and continues, in a manner al- 
together unprecedented. Unhappily, as is too 
commonly the case in the midst of much outward 
prosperity, the interests of the next world, and the 
permanent stability of the public good, have been 
strangely overlooked and neglected : the amassing 
of wealth has, in a great degree, absorbed every 
other consideration : religion and its ordinances 
have been comparatively forgotten. And whilst a 
clamour for increased knowledge, for the extension 
of the powers of the head and hand, has gone 
throughout the length and breadth of the land, the 
religious instruction of the people — that knowledge 
which directs and controuls to its best end every 
other species of knowledge — has not been so much 
neglected, as purposely omitted. As was predicted 
by some, and might have been foreseen by all, that 
mere human knowledge, which informs the under- 
standing without regulating the heart, has already 
begun to issue in an enormous and frightful increase 
of crime. The contending parties in our legislative 
assemblies, have, on the one hand, compromised, 
and on the other, sacrificed, the best interests of the 
community. Ignorance, I mean the inability to 
read and write — for without these much useful 
knowledge has been found in times past to exist, 
for the regulation of an honest and quiet life, in 
those who have diligently sought it in the house of 
God — Ignorance, I say, has been commonly reputed 
as the fruitful parent of crime. Our crowded gaols, 
however, do not bear testimony to this as a truth ; 



s. 



they are filled, in a manner, with persons who claim 
this modern distinction of society ; and it is the 
recent observation of one of the most eminent 
judges of the land, that out of twenty culprits, all 
but three stood in these improved circumstances of 
reading and writing well.* 

It will be obvious, also, to a little reflection, that 
these elements of knowledge, while they qualify the 
man to become more extensively useful to himself 
and the community at large, arm him also with a 
power to be more extensively mischievous and in- 
jurious to society, as well as in the end to destroy 
his own happiness. These blessings of the rudi- 
ments of education do not possess in themselves any 
essential and intrinsic power to counteract the evils, 
which may spring from their abuse by the untoward 
passions of mankind, from the ever evil imaginations 
of the thoughts of their hearts. A remedy must 
therefore be sought : otherwise a tide of wickedness 
will come in, like a flood, and overwhelm the nation 
with violence and tumult ; anarchy and confusion 
will everywhere take the place of legitimate autho- 
rity and settled institutions ; and the boasted liberty 
of this country will degenerate into the licentious- 
ness of profligacy, and the violence of misrule. 



* The doctrine lately promulgated, says Lord Abinger, is this, ' Give the 
poor education, and you destroy crime.' Whereas, it was evident to him 
from the calendar before him, that the worst crimes were committed by 
those who could read and write well. And why, he asked, did he make that 
remark ? Not to discourage the education of the poor, but to state his con- 
viction, that if education was not founded on moral and religious principles, 
instead of becoming a blessing to the poor, it would in the end be a curse to 
the nation. 



That we are now labouring under the difficulties, I 
do not mean to say, of a superabundant population 
simply, but of a superabundant population, undi- 
rected by the moral principles of a virtuous educa- 
tion, and unrestrained by the still more sober and 
just controul of religious instruction, is a fact, be- 
ginning to make itself felt throughout the whole 
country ; and more particularly are the proofs of it 
visible in the great manufacturing districts. While 
the population has increased within the last thirty 
years at the rate perhaps of only one-third, the rate 
of crime has been nearly doubled ; so that it is in 
vain to look for the cause of this latter to the daily 
and yearly augmentation of our numbers — we must 
seek a solution of the question elsewhere. Nor 
will it be discovered in the total want of instruction ; 
for individuals have long been fully aware of the 
mischiefs coming upon us ; and by their own pri- 
vate exertions, and by the formation of societies, 
and the establishment of schools, have been attempt- 
ing to turn and check the violence of the current, 
which they could not altogether stem. Others, 
again, acting upon the principle of man's perfecti- 
bility, and of his want of a knowledge of right and 
wrong only, have been labouring to advance their 
fellow-men in the scale of civilization, and in intel- 
lectual attainment, by supplying the adult part of 
our people with every species of reading, not exclu- 
sive of that, even, which subverts monarchy, and 
the most approved institutions of government, but 
also which tends to undermine the venerable and 



10 

sacred establishment of religion in this country — 
nay, the very belief in Christianity itself, and all 
revelation — nay, the very notion of God's superin- 
tending providence over the affairs, and over the 
men, of this world. And all this, upon the specious 
plea of liberality, and the over-confident expectation, 
that men, thus learning, and thus knowing, that 
which is good, will necessarily choose the good, and 
avoid the evil. 

Hitherto, however, the result has not answered 
the expectation. The increase of wickedness and 
crime appears to have been in proportion, rather to 
the diffusion of knowledge, than the continuance of 
comparative ignorance. Indeed it is only surpri- 
sing, how such an expectation could have ever been 
entertained, much less have found advocates to 
carry it into execution. It cannot surely have been 
encouraged by those who believe in the Gospel, and 
the Christian Scriptures generally, as the word of 
God ; and who have felt moreover, that, through the 
corruption of the nature that is in them, there 
is ever a proneness to evil, and a forsaking of God's 
righteous commandments. 

Men and brethren, the truth of these observa- 
tions is realized, not in that class of persons only for 
whom, through their poverty and inability to pro- 
vide themselves with the means of general know- 
ledge, public provision is to be made : in the mid- 
dle and the higher, even the very highest class of 
society, what has education and knowledge done 
for them ? Has their reason, thus instructed, 



11 

become an unerring guide ? Has it preserved them 
safe, and free from the indulgence of those passions 
which debase the man, deform society, and totally 
destroy the character of the Christian ? It has not : 
knowledge may have thrown a veil of decorum over 
their lives and conduct ; but if they have been 
unconvicted, and uncharged with those grosser 
offences, which are brought before the public tribu- 
nals of the country, in an immeasurably less pro- 
portion than their poorer brethren, it is because a 
higher principle has been at work. Religious 
knowledge has been spread over the general educa- 
tion : religion has thrown its mantle, more or less, 
over the domestic hearth : religion has been the 
handmaid of instruction, to follow them in, their 
progress, and to lay the foundation of their know- 
ledge on the basis of eternal truth. It is not, I 
contend, the mere possession of more extensive 
worldly information, that makes the broad distinc- 
tion in the annals of crime, between the rich and 
the poor. 

Amidst the many attempts then at a diffu- 
sion of knowledge, and a communication of 
instruction to the young, it is admitted, that crime, 
that every evil work against the laws of God and 
man, has increased in a manner not to be accounted 
for by the increase of the population : in fact, so 
much so, that the necessity has been recently urged 
upon the attention of the legislature, to provide in 
some way for the better instruction, and more gene- 
ral education of the people, This proves, at least, 



12 

that the evil is of a serious nature, and that a 
remedy ought to be applied quickly, and adminis- 
tered efficiently. What may be the result of the 
discussion of this matter before our legislative 
assembly, it would be useless to anticipate. 
Judging from recent experience, in the measures 
adopted for the general education in Ireland, and 
attempted to be introduced into, not to say forced 
upon, the town of Liverpool, and the distant colony 
of New South Wales, and the bill lately introduced 
into the upper house of legislature, by a well-known 
liberal advocate for an extension of education, 
without religion, this, at least, we may say, that 
the sober-minded Christian cannot buoy himself up 
with any great hope of good. 

Still, my brethren, amidst these discouragements, 
the Christian never needs despair : he has a hope 
and a confidence, not easily to be shaken : whilst 
he pursues the unerring path of truth, opened in 
the pages of holy writ, he believes, and he is 
upholden in that belief, that a way shall be opened 
for escape to them that love God, and diligently 
seek him : he looks around him for means of 
imparting to the young of Christ's fold a knowledge 
of those scriptures which enlighten the mind with 
the eternal truths of the gospel : these, he is sure, 
are the best guide through the slippery paths of 
this world, and the only safe conductor to everlast- 
ing life in bliss hereafter. The truly christian 
shepherd and his flock everywhere have not been 
backward in promoting this blessed object ; and 



13 

schools have been established, and are being built, 
as far as their means extend, where the knowledge 
of scripture is early impressed upon the tender 
child, and the doctrines of the cross gently and 
gradually imprinted upon the youthful heart, till 
they become, as it were, from habit, a part of the 
man, and form the character for future life. We 
cannot indeed affirm, that this blessed effect follows 
so universally, nor so generally, as one might 
devoutly wish. That is not, however, the defect or 
fault of the system ; it is rather an effect of the cor- 
ruption of man's nature, and also in part the conse- 
quence of a practice, on the part of parents — a neces- 
sary and constrained practice, I fear — of taking the 
children away too early from the seats of instruction, 
and sending them into the world — to the farm, or the 
shop, or the factory — to labour for the meat that 
perisheth, before the religious seed has struck its roots 
deep and broad in the heart. Would the govern- 
ment of the country, and those to whom God has 
dispensed the riches of this world with a bountiful 
hand, contribute their efficient aid to institutions of 
this kind, where the first great principle inculcated 
is a knowledge of God, and the means he has devi- 
sed for man's salvation, in the redemption by Jesus 
Christ and the sanctification of the Holy Spirit, 
where the infant mind is taught to regard the rights 
of property, the rules of strict justice and honesty, 
all those duties which man owes to God and his 
neighbour, and that not so much from a fear of the 



14 

punishment awaiting his conviction here, as of the 
eternal punishment, on the one hand, denounced by- 
Almighty truth and righteousness against offenders, 
and on the other, from a love of God, and a desire 
to partake of that happiness, which he has promised 
shall be the portion of them that are obedient unto 
Himself, and unto man for his sake, we should 
soon hope to see approaching that blissful period, 
when God's will shall be done on earth, as it is in 
heaven. Human laws can never effect this object. 
The thousands, that escape the vengeance of human 
punishment, inspire the bad passions of man with 
hope, that each may evade the just retribution, 
which their transgressions deserve. Not so with 
regard to the punishment in the next world : there, 
with God, they can have no hope of escape ; con- 
science tells those who have learnt only the first 
lessons of Christianity, that though hand join in 
hand, yet shall not the wicked go unpunished. 

Let us pray then, brethren, seriously and 
earnestly to God, that He would so dispose the 
heart of our sovereign, the Queen, and so overrule 
the councils of her ministers, that they may make 
religion the one thing needful, in all proposed 
systems of National Education, and promote such 
measures for the national regeneration, as may bow 
the hearts of all, as one man, to co-operate in the 
glorious end. 

We know, from the sure testimony of our bibles, 
that, with regard to his own people, the children of 



15 

Israel, God was urgent with them through their 
rulers, that the knowledge of Him, and of His 
dealings with them and their forefathers, should be 
diligently imparted to their children ; it was to be 
the great subject of their instruction at all times, 
and in all places. This would be the surest pre- 
servative of their obedience, and the only safeguard 
against their lapsing into idolatry. They had God 
for their immediate ruler and king, they were daily 
monuments of his providential care, and objects of 
continual miraculous deliverances through the wil- 
derness to the promised land. 

We, brethren, are under the immediate rule and 
governance of men like ourselves. The age of 
miracles is past ; the more direct and immediate 
interference of God's providence in the affairs of 
this world are no longer visible, or necessary. We 
have, however, the standing miracle of his word, 
faithfully handed down to us, to be a lamp unto 
our feet, and a guide unto our paths. If, then, it 
were necessary to the Israelites to have the know- 
ledge of the sovereign Lord God impressed upon 
their minds from childhood, if it were needful for 
them to be thus brought up in the nurture and 
admonition of the Lord, above all other things, it 
cannot surely, brethren, be less important, less 
essential to us, that the knowledge of God and of 
his Son, Jesus Christ, that the fear of Him, and 
the love of Him, should be mingled in our earliest 
and latest instruction, till it become engrafted as a 



16 

new nature, and we habitually love our neighbour, 
as ourselves, out of our love to God himself. 

Had mere human knowledge and worldly science 
been all that was necessary, how came it to pass, 
that in the early ages of the world, God's name was 
almost forgotten in the earth ? one alone was found 
faithful to the true God ; the rest of mankind had 
gone after their own inventions, and finally per- 
ished in their own waywardness. Were human 
knowledge alone necessary, how came it to pass, 
that the great God of heaven and earth revealed to 
us his will, and miraculously preserved, through so 
many ages, a faithful transcript of that will in the 
Holy Scriptures. Believe me, brethren, God never 
does any thing in vain. 

If then that word, and that will, be needful for 
us, who shall say, it is not needful from the first 
dawn of man's understanding — who, that sincerely 
acknowledges the plague of his own heart, will 
affirm, that it is not first, and before all other things, 
needful, that we seek the kingdom of God and His 
righteousness, with the confident hope that all 
other things shall be added unto us, and that we 
shall thus have both the will to choose and hold 
fast that which is good, and the power to resist 
temptation, and to eschew that which is evil. 

In the meantime, brethren, while we offer up our 
prayers to God, that His word and His will may be 
established in this kingdom, through and by the 
councils of our Sovereign, let us not be wanting to 



17 

ourselves ; let us endeavour to promote such institu- 
tions as have this object in view. By our influence, 
our conversation, our money, our talents, our au- 
thority, let us labour to stem the torrent of infi- 
delity, and blasphemy, and wickedness, and anarchy, 
which threatens to overwhelm us, and lay the 
honour of this kingdom in the dust ; knowing well 
from the records of all history, that righteousness 
alone exalteth a nation, and that to this alone, 
(springing from the pure form of worship established 
in this kingdom) we owe our eminence among, and 
our usefulness to, the kingdoms of the earth. 

To assist us in this labour of love, of evangelizing 
our people, of training them in the fear of God, and 
in the faith of his Son Jesus Christ, we have, as I 
observed before, many schools and institutions, 
covering the face of the land, though at present 
totally inadequate, in numbers and means, to carry 
the blessed work to a complete and successful termi- 
nation. Not that this can ever be brought to a 
final conclusion, so that there should cease to be a 
necessity for exertion, so long as the poor shall be 
found in the earth, and the inhabitants of it conti- 
nue to increase and multiply. — So long as this 
world shall continue, so long will continue to exist 
the necessity of training, from earliest youth, the 
child in the way he should go, and not to leave him 
to maturer years to build a superstructure of reli- 
gion upon the foundation of straw and stubble, pre- 
viously laid by mere worldly knowledge. 



18 

Now, among the various institutions adapted to 
this end, stands prominent that which I am enjoined 
to lay before you this day, " The National Society 
for the education of the Poor in the principles of 
the Established Church throughout England and 
Wales." You, who are, by profession, members of 
this church, can of course have no objection to this 
Society, unless you are not true members of it, and 
do not believe that it preaches the gospel more truly 
upon the primitive model, and apostolic doctrine, 
than any other upon the face of the earth ; and 
unless you do not believe that it is a paramount 
duty to propagate the faith and ordinances of this 
church. The one, chief recommendation of this 
Society is this circumstance, so necessary for the 
full and faithful discharge of all the relative duties 
of life, and which I have been endeavouring to im- 
press upon you, viz. that it makes religion — the 
religion of the Bible, and nothing but the Bible, 
unmixed with human inventions, and which is the 
religion of Church and state, the basis of the educa- 
tion of the people. Besides being a Church Society, 
it comes further recommended to you by the heads 
— the Archbishops and the Bishops — of the Church, 
sanctioned by her Majesty and her council, and by 
them recommended to the patronage and support of 
all true, loving, and good subjects. 

The sanction conceded by her Majesty's govern- 
ment is proved, not only by the letters patent 
granted for collections throughout England and 
Wales, but also by the fact, that in distributing the 



19 

grants, lately voted by parliament in furtherance of 
general education, the government have adopted the 
Society's plan of promoting local contributions, by 
granting moderate sums of money in aid of the 
erection of school rooms. And that this Society, 
founded only in 1811, is generally approved of by 
the people, is clear from the fact, that, at this mo- 
ment, the schools throughout the country in imme- 
diate connexion with it, contain upwards of 516,000 
children. 

It is worthy of note also, that parliamentary 
grants, in aid of general education, are only made, 
where they are met with a sum equal to that peti- 
tioned for. Now, in many poor country parishes, 
the sum required to meet the parliamentary bounty 
cannot be raised ; consequently, were it not for 
timely aid from this Society, the parliamentary 
bounty would be lost, and the parishes in question 
would have no school room. The applications, 
therefore, to the Society, have increased in a great 
degree. In 1835, they were 65; in 1836, they were 
122 ; and in 1837, they were 230. 

The direct advantages offered by this Society are 
the Central School, in London, for the use of the 
poor ; and where, besides, are taught and trained, 
gratuitously, schoolmasters and schoolmistresses 
from any part of the country, and sent out fully 
qualified to teach the rising generation, according 
to the National system, and in the principles of the 
established church. Secondly, the contribution of 



20 

pecuniary assistance in erecting school rooms, or 
enlarging and fitting them up, where the local 
funds require. 

The Society seeks also by an extension of its 
means of usefulness, to establish the Infant School 
system, and to train females for such schools in the 
country ; and thus, through both institutions, to 
carry on the great work for which it was incorpo- 
rated, until the opportunity of obtaining sound reli- 
gious instruction for their children has been offered 
to every poor family in the kingdom, and every in- 
dividual enabled to read that blessed book, which it 
was the prayer of a late venerated sovereign of this 
kingdom might be in the possession of every child 
in his dominions. 

Now, brethren, there is this great benefit at these 
times, arising from this system of teaching, as 
opposed to every other, that we know what is 
taught — we know that nothing tending to evil is 
taught — we know that the young are brought up 
in the knowledge and belief of the Bible — that they 
are instructed, above all things, to fear God, and 
honour the king — to love the brethren— to do good 
to all men. 

Brethren, I am persuaded that this Society may 
be made the instrument of righteousness to this 
nation, if duly supported, and God's blessing im- 
plored for it. I therefore most sincerely obey the 
commands of my Diocesan, and his Grace the Arch- 
bishop of this province, and the recommendation of 



21 

her Majesty and her councils, earnestly to exhort 
you to a liberal contribution. Money laid out on 
this object, is laying the foundation for a more 
obedient people — a people more attached to order 
and subordination — a people loving God and their 
neighbour as themselves. 

One word more. — This Society, and the schools 
formed upon its model, unlike the favoured systems 
of the present day, would lead the tender lambs of 
the flock, through the portals of religion, up to 
God, and to all the duties owing to God and man. 

As you love your brethren then, as you love your 
friends, as you love your country, as you love the 
whole family of man, as you love that pure and 
holy branch of Christ's universal Church, and the 
protestant faith, established in this country ; as, in 
short, you love God, hold fast the profession of this 
faith, without wavering ; communicate it, on all 
occasions, to your children and households ; let the 
blessings of God be the first accents uttered by the 
infant tongue. Stand fast in the liberty wherewith 
the religion of this kingdom, i. e. Christ and his 
gospel, have made you free. If it be slavery to 
profess this faith, why then, never be ashamed to 
call yourselves slaves. But, brethren, it is the only- 
true liberty ; while it delivers you from the bondage 
of Satan and sin, it gives you the glorious liberty 
of doing that which is good, and being the children 
of God. 



22 

May Almighty God dispose you, by His Spirit, 
to be liberal according to your means, that so His 
blessing may be upon your honest labours in this 
world ; upon the fruits of the field, and the produce 
of the stall ; upon the offerings you make to Him 
this day through your poorer brethren, that they 
may tend to an increase of contentment and happi- 
ness here, and -a better hope of eternal bliss hereafter. 



Henry Mozley and Sons, Printers, Derby, 



f 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 327 739 ft % 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 327 739 A 



Hollinger Corp. 
pH 8.5 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 327 739 



Hollinger Corp. 
pH 8.5 



